Future needs for energy storage in the Alpine region
- Authors: Marko Hočevar, Lovrenc Novak, Gašper Rak
- Citation: Acta hydrotechnica, vol. 32, no. 56, pp. 35-43, 2019. https://doi.org/10.15292/acta.hydro.2019.03
- Abstract: In this paper we discuss energy storage requirements for EUSALP region in Europe. EUSALP is an Alpine region that includes the entirety Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and Lichtenstein, as well as parts of France, Germany, and Italy. A model is presented that facilitates the estimation of the required technical amounts of energy storage and installed power of pumped storage hydropower plants. The aim of the model is to estimate the requirements of energy storage to assist in setting guidelines for stable and reliable future electric energy supply in the EUSALP region. The model is based on currently known patterns of energy consumption and generation and available information on the future increase of renewable electric generation capacity, energy consumption, and the introduction of electromobility within all EUSALP regions. The hourly balance of generation, demand, and storage within a selected future year is assumed. The results are presented such that a mix of scenarios is addressed. Among them are installed generation capacity, installed pumped hydro storage power, selection of photovoltaic and wind electric energy generation ratio, the charging of a selected percentage of electric cars, flexible run-of-river hydro electric energy generation, import/export, generation by nuclear and backup fossil fuel sources, and a selection of disturbances. Results show that energy storage capacities must be increased by a large margin regardless of the choice of demand site management strategies or flexible electric car charging. Around a requisite 10-fold increase in pumped storage hydropower capacity is estimated, while the estimated increase in required energy storage is even higher. Daily and seasonal variations are also discussed. Further, the amount of surplus electric energy generation is presented and discussed.
- Keywords: energy storage, EUSALP region, photovoltaics, wind, pumped storage hydropower plants
- Full text: a32mh.pdf
- References:
- AN OVE – Akcijski načrt za obnovljive vire energije za obdobje 2010 – 2020 (2010) Available at: https://www.energetika-portal.si/fileadmin/dokumenti/publikacije/an_ove/an_ove_2010-2020_final.pdf (accessed October 2018).
- Baumgartner, A., Schönberg, M. (2017). Status and Future of Alpine Hydropower, report.
- Bisello, A., Tomasi, S., Garegnani, G., Scaramuzzino, C., Segata, A., Vetto-rato, D., Sparber, W. (2017). EUSALP Energy Survey 2017, report. Available at: https://www.alpine-region.eu/publications/eusalp-energy-survey-2017 (accessed December 2018).
- EASE/EERA (2013). Energy Storage Technology Development Roadmap towards 2030, Joint EASE/EERA recommendations for a European Energy Storage Technology Development Roadmap towards 2030. Available at: http://ease-storage.eu/easeeera-energy-storage-technology-development-roadmap-towards-2030/ (accessed January 2019).
- EC EEA (2010) Energy 2020 – A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy, COM (2010) 639. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2012_energy_roadmap_2050_en_0.pdf (accessed March 2019).
- EC Eurostat (2016). Share of renewables in energy consumption in the EU reached 17% in 2016. Website: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-press-releases/-/8-25012018-AP (accessed October 2018).
- EC Eurostat (2017a). Energy from renewable sources. Website: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/shares (accessed December 2018).
- EC Eurostat (2017b). Eurostat statistics explained. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/c/c8/EU28-NONFOSSIL-ELECTRICAL-CAPACITY-2015.png (accessed December 2018).
- EEA (2009). Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the pro-motion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028&from=en (accessed March 2019).
- EEA (2014). The conclusions adopted by the European Council at the European Council meeting (23 and 24 October 2014), EUCO 169/14. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/145397.pdf (accessed February 2019).
- ENTSOE (2019). European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity. Website: https://www.entsoe.eu/ (data retrieved from 1.11.2018 to 31.1.2019)
- EU EECS (2011). Energy Roadmap 2050. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2012_energy_roadmap_2050_en_0.pdf (accessed March 2019).
- Pfenninger, S., Staffell, I. (2016). Long-term patterns of European PV output using 30 years of validat-ed hourly reanalysis and satellite data. Energy 114, 1251‒1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.060.
- Renewables.ninja. Simulations of hourly power output from wind and solar PV farms. Website: https://www.renewables.ninja/ (accessed January 2019).
- Staffell, I., Pfenninger, S. (2016). Using Bias-Corrected Reanalysis to Simulate Current and Future Wind Power Output. Energy 114, 1224‒1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068.
- US EPA and US DOE (2015). Compare side by side: 2013 Nissan Leaf/2014 Nissan Leaf/2015 Nissan Leaf/2016 Nissan Leaf (24 kW-hr battery pack)/2016 Nissan Leaf (30 kW-hr battery pack). Available at: https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=37066&id=37067&id=34918&id=34699 (accessed December 2018).
- VBEW (2019). Zahlen und Fakten → Stromwirtschaft Website: https://www.vbew.de/vbew/zahlen-und-fakten/stromwirtschaft/ (data retrieved from 1 November 2018 to 31 January 2019).