Pulse amplitude modulation as an indicative method for monitoring compliance of ballast water management – Walz Water PAM instrument test
- Authors: Aja Golja, Klaudija Sapač, Dušan Žagar, Matej David
- Citation: Acta hydrotechnica, vol. 33, no. 58, pp. 29-42, 2020. https://doi.org/10.15292/acta.hydro.2020.03
- Abstract: Vessels are considered one of the primary pathways for the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens. The D-2 Regulation of the Ballast Water Management Convention specifies the maximum number of organisms per unit volume in order to prevent their spread and transfer, and the introduction of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens around the globe. The Convention also requires an inspection of every ship’s ballast water in order to verify compliance with the requirements. Inspectors take samples of ballast water and perform quick analyses on board using indicative instruments. We evaluated the appropriateness of the Walz Water PAM instrument for indicative analysis of ballast water. The instrument estimates the phytoplankton biomass and its photochemical efficiency. The instrument measurements were compared to the results of detailed laboratory analyses of samples for phytoplankton cells in the size range 10–50 µm and with minimum diameter, as addressed by the Regulation D-2. The instrument correctly evaluated all 19 compliant samples from the detailed analyses and 88 of 95 non-compliant samples from detailed analyses (93%). We can thus conclude that Walz Water PAM is a suitable tool for the indicative analysis of vessels’ ballast water.
- Keywords: Walz Water PAM, fluorometry, Pulse Amplitude Modulation, ballast water, compliance monitoring and enforcement, indicative analysis
- Full text: a33ag.pdf
- References:
- Bradie, J., Broeg, K., Gianoli, C., He, J., Heitmüller, S., Curto, A., Nakata, A., Rolke, M., Schillak,L., Stehouwer, P., Byllaardt, J., Veldhuis, M., Welschmeyer, N., Younan, L., Zaake, A., Bailey, S. (2018). A shipboard comparison of analytic methods for ballast water compliance monitoring. Journal of Sea Research 113, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2017.01.006.
- Cabrini, M., Cerino, F., de Olazabal, A., Di Poi, E., Fabbro, C., Fornasaro, D., Goruppi, A., Flander-Putrie, V., Francé, J., Gollash, S., Hure, M., Lipej, L., Lučić, D., Magaletti, E., Mozetič, P., Tinta, T., Tornambè, A., Turk, V., Uhan, J., David, M. (2019). Potential transfer of aquatic organisms via ballast water with a particular focus on harmful and non-indigenous species: A survey from Adriatic ports. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 147, 16–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.0040.
- Carlton, J. T. (1999). The scale and ecological consequences of biological invasions in the world's oceans. Sandlund, O.T., Schei, P.J., Å. Viken (ur.), Invasive species and biodiversity management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 195¬–212.
- David, M. (2013). Ballast water sampling for compliance monitoring – Ratification of the Ballast Water Management Convention: Final report of research study (for WWF International). http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_bws_guidance_study_april13.pdf, 66 str. (pridobljeno 19. 7. 2016).
- David, M. (2015). Vessels and ballast water. V: David, M. (ur.), Gollasch, S. (ur.). Global maritime transport and ballast water management: issues and solutions. Invading nature – Springer series in invasion ecology, zv. 8: 13–34.
- David, M., Gollasch, S., Cabrini, M., Perkovič, M., Bošnjak, D., Virgilio, D. (2007). Results from the first ballast water sampling study in the Mediterranean sea – the Port of Koper study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54 (1): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.08.041.
- Frazier, M., Miller, A.W., Lee II, H., Reusser, D.A. (2013). Counting at low concentrations: the statistical challenges of verifying ballast water discharge standards. Ecological Applications, 23 (2): 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1639.1.
- Golja, A. (2016). Nadzor ravnanja z balastno vodo – indikativne metode. Diplomsko delo, Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo, študij vodarstva in komunalnega inženirstva: 43 str.
- Gollasch, S., David, M. (2010a). Recommendations how to take a representative ballast water sample, emerging ballast water management system. Malmö: IMO-WMU Research and Development Forum.
- Gollasch, S., David, M. (2010b). Testing sample representativeness of a ballast water discharge and developing methods for indicative analysis. Lisbon: European Maritime Safety Organization (EMSA).
- Gollasch, S., David, M. (2012). On board tests of the organism detection tools BallastCAM, FluidImaging USA, Hach-PAM-fluorometer USA, and Walz-Water-PAM-fluorometer: results and findings: prepared for Interreg IVB North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity project: 10 str.
- Gollasch, S., David, M. (2013). Recommendations for Representative Ballast Water Sampling. Final report for research study of the Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH), Hamburg, Germany.
- Gollasch, S., David, M. (2015). Ballast water sampling and sample analysis for compliance control. V: David, M. (ur.), Gollasch, S. (ur.). Global maritime transport and ballast water management: issues and solutions. Invading nature – Springer series in invasion ecology, zv. 8: 171–223.
- Gollasch, S., David, M., Francé, J., Mozetič, P. (2015a). Quantifying indicatively living phytoplankton cells in ballast water samples – recomendations for Port State Control. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101(2): 768–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.037
- Gollasch, S., David, M., Keast, K., Parker, N., Wiley, C. (2015b). Policy and legal framework and current status of ballast water management requirements. V: David, M. (ur.), Gollasch, S. (ur.). Global maritime transport and ballast water management: issues and solutions. Invading nature – Springer series in invasion ecology, zv. 8: 59–88.
- Gollasch, S., Minchin, D., David, M. (2015c). The transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens with ballast water and their impacts. V: David, M. (ur.), Gollasch, S. (ur.). Global maritime transport and ballast water management: issues and solutions. Invading nature – Springer series in invasion ecology, zv. 8: 35–58.
- ICES (2010). Report of the ICES/IOS/IMO Working Group on Ballast and other Ship Vectors (WGBOSV), Hamburg.
- IMO (2008). Guidelines for ballast water sampling (G2), IMO Resolution MEPC.173(58). London: International Maritime Organization.
- IMO (2009). Development of Guidelines and Other Documents for Uniform Implementation of the 2004 BWM Convention, Report of the working Group. BLG 13/WP.5, Sub-Committee on Bulk Liquid and Gases. London: International Maritime Organization. 35 str.
- IMO (2004). International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments 2004. International Maritime Organization, London.
- Koo, T.K., Li, M.Y. (2016). A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 15 (2): 155–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012.
- MEPC (2019). Harmful aquatic organisms in ballast water, Summary of currently available ballast water indicative analysis instruments. MEPC 74/4/INF.18.
- Mozetič, P., Cangini, M., Francé, J., Bastianini, M., Aubry, F. B., Bužančić, M., Cabrini M., Cerino, F., Čalić, M., D'Adamo, R., Drakulović, D., Finotto, S., Fornasaro, D., Grilli, F., Kraus, R., Marić Pfannkuchen, D., Ninčević Gladan, Ž., Pompei, M., Rotter, A., Servadei, I., Skejić, S. (2017). Phytoplankton diversity in Adriatic ports: Lessons from the port baseline survey for the management of harmful algal species. Marine Pollution Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.029.
- Shrout, P. E., Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
- Stehouwer, PP., Fuhr, F., Veldhuis, M. (2010). A Novel Approach to Determine Ballast Water Vitality and Viability after Treatment, in Emerging Ballast Water Management Systems, ed. Neil Bellefontaine, Fredrik Haag, Olof Lindén and Jose Matheickal, Proceedings of the IMO-WMU Research and Development Forum, 26–29 January 2010, Malmö, Sweden, 233–240.