Comparison of models MIKE3 and PCFLOW3D: Hydrodynamic simulations in the Gulf of Trieste
- Authors: Dušan Žagar, Evira Džebo, Gregor Petkovšek
- Citation: Acta hydrotechnica, vol. 26, no. 45, pp. 117-133, 2013.
- Abstract: Coastal sea circulation models are a useful tool for sea forecasting and a good starting point for calculating pollutant transport. Two similar three-dimensional baroclinic hydrodynamic models (PCFLOW3D and MIKE3) were compared on a case study of the Gulf of Trieste. The comparison was not based only on the graphic (visual) parameters, but was also numerically evaluated using the normalised root-mean-square deviation method (RMSDN). Typical cases of circulation were selected, where the similarities and differences between both models are clearly visible. Density-driven flows were studied, as well as the impact of strong wind (bora), mild wind (maestral) and the tide on circulation. In one case, constant coefficients of turbulent viscosity in the horizontal and vertical directions were used. In this case the results show dependence on the different numerical schemes and on the definition of boundary conditions of both models. In all other cases, the turbulence models used were as similar as possible, selected among the ones usually used in circulation models (Smagorinsky in the horizontal direction in both models and in the vertical direction k-є and Mellor-Yamada in MIKE3 and PCFLOW3D, respectively). An additional comparison with refined grid was performed in the events of density-driven flow and strong bora wind in the area of the Soča river inflow. The results of both models are similar. However, there are noticeable local discrepancies due to the differences between the models, mostly the different turbulence models and the boundary conditions definition. The results were also compared to simulations performed by the POM model. This three-way comparison showed in general a very similar picture of circulation. According to the results, both models, MIKE3 and PCFLOW3D, can be used interchangeably in areas with characteristics similar to the Gulf of Trieste.
- Keywords: hydrodynamic model, circulation, Gulf of Trieste, MIKE3, PCFLOW3D, model comparison
- Full text: a45dz.pdf
- References:
- ARSO. (2008). Prognozirano plimovanje morja. Tide tables 2008. Ljubljana, Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor, Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje. http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/morje/plima08.pdf (Pridobljeno 12.2.2008).
- Artegiani, A., Bregant, D., Paschini, E., Pinardi, N., Raicich, F., Russo, A. (1997). The Adriatic Sea general circulation. Part II: Baroclinic circulation structure, Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, 1515–1532.
- Blumerg, A.F., Mellor, G.L. (1987). A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model. In: N. S. Heaps (Editor). Three-dimensional Coastal Ocean Models. AGU, Washington, 1–16.
- Bocci, M., Chiarlo, R., De Nat, L., Fanelli, A., Petersen, O., Sorensen, J.T., Friss-Christensen, A. (2006). Modelling of impacts from a long sea outfall outside of the Venice Lagoon (Italy). In: Proceedings of the MWWD – IEMES 2006 Conference, Nov. 6.-10. 2006, Antalya, Turkey.
- Castellari, S., Pinardi, N., Coluccelli, A. (2006). The ADRICOSM Pilot Project: a coastal and river basin prediction system for the Adriatic Sea, Acta Adriatica 47, 5–18.
- Celio, M., Malačič, V., Bussani, A., Čermelj, B., Comici, C., Petelin, B. (2006). The coastal scale observing system component of ADRICOSM: Gulf of Trieste network. Acta Adriatica 47, 65–79.
- Chiggiato, J., Oddo, P. (2008). Operational ocean models in the Adriatic Sea: a skill assessment, Ocean Science 4, 61–71.
- Crise, A., Querin, S., Malačilč, V. (2006). A strong bora event in the Gulf of Trieste: a numerical study of wind driven circulation in stratified conditions with a pre-operational model, Acta Adriatica 47, 185–206.
- Četina, M. (1992). Tridimenzionalni matematični baroklini model za izračun tokov v jezerih in morju = Three-dimensional mathematical baroclinic model for simulatiuon of currents in lakes and sea. Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Geodetic Engineering., 72 p (in Slovenian).
- Četina, M., Rajar, R., Širca, A., Žagar, D. (1999). PCFLOW3D. User's Manual. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Eng, Chair of Fluid Mechanics: 294 p.
- DHI SOFTWARE (2007a). MIKE Zero – Marine tools. User guides: 298 p.
- DHI SOFTWARE (2007b.) MIKE Zero – Preprocessing & Postprocessing. User guides. 472 p.
- DHI SOFTWARE (2007c). MIKE Zero – The common DHI user interface for project oriented water modelling. User guides. 92 p.
- DHI SOFTWARE (2007d). MIKE3 – Environmental hydraulics. User guides. 232 p.
- DHI SOFTWARE. (2007e). MIKE3 – Estuarine and coastal hydraulics and oceanography. User guides. 266 p.
- Dorić, E. (2008). Primerjava modelov MIKE3 in PCFLOW3D za simulacije hidrodinamike v Tržaškem zalivu = A comparison of the MIKE 3 and PCFLOW3D models for hydrodynamic simulations inthe Gulf of Trieste. Thesis. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering. 76 p (in Slovenian).
- Grezio, A., Pinardi, N. (2006). Data assimilation of temperature and salinity profiles in the Adriatic Sea regional model, Acta Adriatica 47, 149–168.
- Kotnik, J. (2003). The role of Isonzo River suspended matter in transferring mercury compounds into the Gulf of Trieste. Institute Jožef Stefan, Final report, 102 p.
- Kovšca, J. (2007). Dopolnitve modela PCFLOW3D za simulacijo tokov in širjenja polutantov = Completion of the PCFLOW3D model for simulation of flow and dispersion of pollutants. Thesis. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering 67 p (in Slovenian).
- Malačič, V., Petelin, B., (2006). Numerical modeling of the winter circulation of the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic), Acta Adriatica 47, 207–217.
- Marotzke, J., Giering, R., Zhang, K.Q., Stammer, D., Hill, C., Lee, T. (1999). Construction of the adjoint MIT ocean general circulation model and application to Atlantic heat transport variability, Journal of Geophisical Research 104, 529–547.
- Orlić, M., Beg Paklar, G., Pasarič, Z., Grbec, B., Pasarič, M. (2006). Nested modelling of the East Adriatic coastal waters, Acta Adriatica 47, 219–245.
- Rajar R., Četina, M., Žagar, D.,Širca, A. (1995). 3D matematički model za simulaciju razljevanja nafte u moru = 3D mathematical model for simulation of oil spill in the sea, In: D. Gereš (Editor) Proceedings of 1.st Croatian Conference on Waters, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 24.-27.5.1995, 385–391 (in Croatian).
- Rajar, R., Četina, M. (1997). Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modelling. An Experience, Ecological Modelling 101, 195–207.
- Rajar, R., Četina, M., Širca, A. (1997). Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modelling. Case Studies, Ecological Modelling 101, 209–228.
- Rajar, R., Žagar, D., Širca, A., Horvat, M. (2000). Three-dimencional modelling of mercury cycling in the Gulf of Trieste, The Science of the Total Environment 260, 109–123.
- Rajar, R., Žagar, D., Četina, M., Akagi, H., Yano, S., Tomiyasu, T., Horvat, M. (2004). Application of three-dimensional mercury cycling model to coastal seas, Ecological Modelling 171, 139–155.
- Ramšak, V. (2006). Simulacija izmenjave živega srebra med vodo in zrakom s 3-D modelom PCFLOW3D v Tržaškem zalivu = Simulation of mercury evasion with the 3D model PCFLOW3D in the Gulf of Trieste. Thesis. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Enginerring, 120 p (in Slovenian).
- Ramšak, V., Malačič, V., Ličer, M., Kotnik, J., Horvat, M., Žagar, D. (2013). High-resolution pollutant dispersion modelling in contaminated coastal sites, Environmental research 125,. 103–112
- Širca, A., Horvat, M., Rajar, R., Covelli, S., Žagar, D., Faganeli, J. (1999). Estimation of mercury mass balance in the Gulf of Trieste, Acta Adriatica 40(2), 75–85.
- Zavatarelli, M., Mellor, G. (1995). A numerical study of the Mediterranean Sea Circulation, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25, 1384–1414.
- Zavatarelli, M., Pinardi, N. (2003). The Adriatic Sea modeling system: a nested approach, Annales Geophysicae 21, 345–364.
- Žagar, D. (1999). Development and application of a three-dimensional model to simulate mercury transport and transformation process in the marine environment, Acta hydrotechnica 17, 27–68.
- Žagar, D., Rajar, R., Širca, A., Horvat, M., Četina, M. (2001). Long-term 3D simulation of the transport and dispersion of mercury in the Gulf of Trieste. Acta hydrotechnica 19( 30), 25–43.
- Žagar, D., Petkovšek, G., Rajar, R., Sirnik, N., Horvat, M., Voudouri, A., Kallor, G.B., Četina, M. (2007). Modelling of mercury transport and transformation in the water compartment of the Mediterranean Sea, Marine Chemistry 107(1), 64–88.